Description of issue or feature request:
The TUF repository tool provides a functionality to distribute a large number of target files over multiple delegated roles (see delegate_hashed_bins).

To add a target to the corresponding bin, identified by the hash of the target path, or remove one from a bin the methods remove add_target_to_bin and remove_target_from_bin are provided. These methods are wrappers around add_target and remove_target, which don't call those methods directly but via a dispatcher helper _locate_and_update_target_in_bin, which also implements common functionality for the wrappers.

These methods should be refactored for the reasons and as outlined below:

Current behavior:

• The current architecture doesn't allow to pass through different arguments to the wrapped methods, e.g. the custom argument only supported by add_target:
  https://github.com/theupdateframework/tuf/blob/4fe29d138df02035eed9716657cfe0a76e17e178/tuf/repository_tool.py#L2672

• _locate_and_update_target_in_bin doesn't seem to be designed to dispatch to any other methods than add_target and remove_target to justify the dispatcher architecture

• _locate_and_update_target_in_bin replicates functionality from the wrapped methods, e.g. that the targets path exists as file in the current directory
  https://github.com/theupdateframework/tuf/blob/4fe29d138df02035eed9716657cfe0a76e17e178/tuf/repository_tool.py#L2737-L2739
  (see Targets' add_target(s) methods do not correctly check passed paths #957 for reasons why that might not even be necessary).

• _locate_and_update_target_in_bin makes risky assumption, e.g. it infers the hash_prefix_length (i.e. len(hex(number_of_bins - 1)[2:])), by taking the length of the first element in the path_hash_prefixes field of the first delegation of the targets object on which it is called.
  https://github.com/theupdateframework/tuf/blob/4fe29d138df02035eed9716657cfe0a76e17e178/tuf/repository_tool.py#L2719-L2733

• _locate_and_update_target_in_bin makes a O(1) search O(n).

https://github.com/theupdateframework/tuf/blob/4fe29d138df02035eed9716657cfe0a76e17e178/tuf/repository_tool.py#L2749-L2756

Expected behavior:

• simplify architecture to allow adding a custom argument to add_target_to_bin that gets passed through
• remove redundant code
• pass hash_prefix_length or number_of_bins instead of inferring it from the metadata (the calling code should know this).
• make bin search O(1), e.g.:

def find_bin_for_hash(hash_prefix, bin_size):
  prefix_len = len(hash_prefix)
  hash_prefix = int(hash_prefix, 16)
  low = hash_prefix  - (hash_prefix % bin_size)
  high = low + bin_size - 1
  return f"{low:0{prefix_len}x}-{high:0{prefix_len}x}"