The Python Standard Library
该目录下的代码主要是关于python标准库的学习demo代码收集
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1. Introduction 
2. Built-in Functions 
3. Built-in Constants
3.1. Constants added by the site module 
4. Built-in Types
4.1. Truth Value Testing 
4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not 
4.3. Comparisons 
4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex 
4.5. Iterator Types 
4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range 
4.7. Text Sequence Type — str 
4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview 
4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset 
4.10. Mapping Types — dict 
4.11. Context Manager Types 
4.12. Other Built-in Types 
4.13. Special Attributes 
5. Built-in Exceptions
5.1. Base classes 
5.2. Concrete exceptions 
5.3. Warnings 
5.4. Exception hierarchy 
6. Text Processing Services
6.1. string — Common string operations 
6.2. re — Regular expression operations 
6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas 
6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling 
6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database 
6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation 
6.7. readline — GNU readline interface 
6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline 
7. Binary Data Services
7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data 
7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes 
8. Data Types
8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types 
8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions 
8.3. collections — Container datatypes 
8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers 
8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm 
8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm 
8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values 
8.8. weakref — Weak references 
8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types 
8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations 
8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer 
8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation 
8.13. enum — Support for enumerations 
9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes 
9.2. math — Mathematical functions 
9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers 
9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic 
9.5. fractions — Rational numbers 
9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers 
9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions 
10. Functional Programming Modules
10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 
10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects 
10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions 
11. File and Directory Access
11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths 
11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations 
11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 
11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results 
11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons 
11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories 
11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion 
11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching 
11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines 
11.10. shutil — High-level file operations 
11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions 
12. Data Persistence
12.1. pickle — Python object serialization 
12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions 
12.3. shelve — Python object persistence 
12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization 
12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases” 
12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases 
13. Data Compression and Archiving
13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip 
13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files 
13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression 
13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm 
13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives 
13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files 
14. File Formats
14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing 
14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser 
14.3. netrc — netrc file processing 
14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data 
14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files 
15. Cryptographic Services
15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests 
15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 
16. Generic Operating System Services
16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 
16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams 
16.3. time — Time access and conversions 
16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands 
16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options 
16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python 
16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration 
16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers 
16.9. getpass — Portable password input 
16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays 
16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs 
16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters 
16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses 
16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data 
16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols 
16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python 
17. Concurrent Execution
17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism 
17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism 
17.3. The concurrent package 
17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks 
17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management 
17.6. sched — Event scheduler 
17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class 
17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module 
17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API 
17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module 
18. Interprocess Communication and Networking
18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface 
18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects 
18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion 
18.4. selectors – High-level I/O multiplexing 
18.5. asyncio – Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks 
18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler 
18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler 
18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events 
18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support 
19. Internet Data Handling
19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package 
19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder 
19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling 
19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats 
19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types 
19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings 
19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files 
19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII 
19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 
19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files 
20. Structured Markup Processing Tools
20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support 
20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser 
20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities 
20.4. XML Processing Modules 
20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API 
20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API 
20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation 
20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees 
20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers 
20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers 
20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities 
20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers 
20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat 
21. Internet Protocols and Support
21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller 
21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support 
21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts 
21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation 
21.5. urllib — URL handling modules 
21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs 
21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib 
21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components 
21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request 
21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt 
21.11. http — HTTP modules 
21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client 
21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client 
21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client 
21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client 
21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client 
21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client 
21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server 
21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client 
21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122 
21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers 
21.22. http.server — HTTP servers 
21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management 
21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients 
21.25. xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules 
21.26. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access 
21.27. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers 
21.28. ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library 
22. Multimedia Services
22.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data 
22.2. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files 
22.3. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files 
22.4. wave — Read and write WAV files 
22.5. chunk — Read IFF chunked data 
22.6. colorsys — Conversions between color systems 
22.7. imghdr — Determine the type of an image 
22.8. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file 
22.9. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices 
23. Internationalization
23.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services 
23.2. locale — Internationalization services 
24. Program Frameworks
24.1. turtle — Turtle graphics 
24.2. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters 
24.3. shlex — Simple lexical analysis 
25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
25.1. tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk 
25.2. tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets 
25.3. tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk 
25.4. tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget 
25.5. IDLE 
25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages 
26. Development Tools
26.1. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system 
26.2. doctest — Test interactive Python examples 
26.3. unittest — Unit testing framework 
26.4. unittest.mock — mock object library 
26.5. unittest.mock — getting started 
26.6. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation 
26.7. test — Regression tests package for Python 
26.8. test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite 
27. Debugging and Profiling
27.1. bdb — Debugger framework 
27.2. faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback 
27.3. pdb — The Python Debugger 
27.4. The Python Profilers 
27.5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets 
27.6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution 
27.7. tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations 
28. Software Packaging and Distribution
28.1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules 
28.2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer 
28.3. venv — Creation of virtual environments 
29. Python Runtime Services
29.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions 
29.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information 
29.3. builtins — Built-in objects 
29.4. __main__ — Top-level script environment 
29.5. warnings — Warning control 
29.6. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts 
29.7. abc — Abstract Base Classes 
29.8. atexit — Exit handlers 
29.9. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback 
29.10. __future__ — Future statement definitions 
29.11. gc — Garbage Collector interface 
29.12. inspect — Inspect live objects 
29.13. site — Site-specific configuration hook 
29.14. fpectl — Floating point exception control 
30. Custom Python Interpreters
30.1. code — Interpreter base classes 
30.2. codeop — Compile Python code 
31. Importing Modules
31.1. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives 
31.2. pkgutil — Package extension utility 
31.3. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script 
31.4. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules 
31.5. importlib – The implementation of import 
32. Python Language Services
32.1. parser — Access Python parse trees 
32.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees 
32.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables 
32.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees 
32.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees 
32.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords 
32.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source 
32.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation 
32.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support 
32.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files 
32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries 
32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode 
32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers 
33. Miscellaneous Services
33.1. formatter — Generic output formatting 
34. MS Windows Specific Services
34.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files 
34.2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime 
34.3. winreg – Windows registry access 
34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows 
35. Unix Specific Services
35.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls 
35.2. pwd — The password database 
35.3. spwd — The shadow password database 
35.4. grp — The group database 
35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords 
35.6. termios — POSIX style tty control 
35.7. tty — Terminal control functions 
35.8. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities 
35.9. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls 
35.10. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines 
35.11. resource — Resource usage information 
35.12. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages) 
35.13. syslog — Unix syslog library routines 
36. Superseded Modules
36.1. optparse — Parser for command line options 
36.2. imp — Access the import internals 
37. Undocumented Modules
37.1. Platform specific modules