<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><title>PythonClub</title><link href="http://pythonclub.com.br/" rel="alternate"></link><link href="http://pythonclub.com.br/feeds/python.atom.xml" rel="self"></link><id>http://pythonclub.com.br/</id><updated>2014-05-09T12:00:00-03:00</updated><entry><title>Introdução a testes funcionais com Selenium e Python</title><link href="http://pythonclub.com.br/introducao-a-testes-funcionais-com-selenium-e-python.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2014-05-09T12:00:00-03:00</updated><author><name>Mário Chaves</name></author><id>tag:pythonclub.com.br,2014-05-09:introducao-a-testes-funcionais-com-selenium-e-python.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Nesse post darei apenas uma introdução básica focada em auxiliar testadores a usar a linguagem de programação Python

para executar e guardar seus scripts de teste.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="porque-usar-a-linguagem-python-nos-testes-funcionais"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Porquê usar a linguagem Python nos testes funcionais?&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Como sabemos os testes funcionais são em sua grande parte desenvolvidos por Analistas de Testes e/ou Testadores.

Para que se tenha uma manutenção mais rápida e eficaz a medida que o código do projeto vai crescendo e ganhando mais funcionalidades, é interessante que os testes estejam coesos e de fácil entendimento. &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/IMHO"&gt;IMHO&lt;/a&gt; Python é a linguagem que deixa seu código mais elegante, limpo e entendível.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Python é uma linguagem de programação de alto nível , interpretada, imperativa, orientada a objetos, funcional,

de tipagem dinâmica e forte.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python"&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Em uma rápida comparação de verbosidade entre Python e Java com o tão criticado &amp;quot;Hello, World!&amp;quot;, podemos notar o

que quero dizer quando citei &lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;IMHO Python é a linguagem que deixa seu código mais elegante, limpo e entendível&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Exemplo em Java:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kd"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kd"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;HelloWorld&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kd"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;args&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;System&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;out&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;println&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Hello, world!&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Exemplo em Python 2.x&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;Hello, world!&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Isso mesmo, os dois exemplos fazem a mesma coisa, porém, o exemplo em Java tem 104 caracteres enquanto o exemplo

em Python possui apenas 21 caracteres.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas, voltando ao que interessa, vamos ao passo-a-passo de como configurar seu ambiente e depois testar executando algo como exemplo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="montando-o-ambiente"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Montando o ambiente&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Supondo que você usa Windows e não tem nada do que vamos precisar instalado, faça o download dos

seguintes itens:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;dl class="docutils"&gt;

&lt;dt&gt;Python 2.7.6 - &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/"&gt;https://www.python.org/downloads/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;

&lt;dd&gt;&lt;em&gt;Linguagem de programação de alto nível&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;

&lt;dt&gt;Pip - &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py"&gt;https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;

&lt;dd&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gerenciador de bibliotecas geralmente usado para instalar e remover libs&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;

&lt;dt&gt;Mozilla Firefox - &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://www.mozilla.org/pt-BR/firefox/new/"&gt;http://www.mozilla.org/pt-BR/firefox/new/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;

&lt;dd&gt;&lt;em&gt;Navegador Web mais recomendado para o uso do Selenium e onde será instalado o plugin SeleniumIDE&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;

&lt;dt&gt;PhantomJS v1.9 - &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://bitbucket.org/ariya/phantomjs/downloads/phantomjs-1.9.7-windows.zip"&gt;https://bitbucket.org/ariya/phantomjs/downloads/phantomjs-1.9.7-windows.zip&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/dt&gt;

&lt;dd&gt;&lt;em&gt;Navegador Headless que possibilita a execução dos testes em background, sem a necessidade de executar

toda a interface gráfica do navegador&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/dd&gt;

&lt;/dl&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="passos-para-a-instalacao-do-python-no-windows"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Passos para a instalação do Python no Windows&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Nota: ele já vem instalado no Mac e Linux&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Executar o instalador e instalar com passos simples (Avançar, Avançar, Concluir)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Entre no CMD (Terminal) e digite python, se entrar no interpretador então já está instalado, se não, vá para o passo 3&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Feche o Terminal, vá em Iniciar e clique com o botão direito sobre o “Computador” e selecione “Propriedades”&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;No menu lateral clique em “Definições avançadas de sistema” e selecione “Variáveis de ambiente”&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Na caixa “Variáveis do sistema” selecione com um duplo clique o item “Path”&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Ao final da linha “Valor da variável” insira “;C:Python27Scripts” então dê Ok, Ok e Ok novamente&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Abra o CMD (Terminal) novamente, digite &lt;cite&gt;python&lt;/cite&gt;, e dê enter. Dessa vez vai entrar no interpretador!&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="pip-gerenciador-de-pacotes-do-python-no-windows"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Pip (Gerênciador de pacotes do Python) no Windows&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Através do Terminal vá até a pasta onde você fez download do arquivo get-pip.py, provavelmente em C:UsersSeuUsuarioDownloads&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Ao entrar na pasta Downloads (Se o get-pip.py estiver nela) execute: python get-pip.py (Ele fará toda a instalação do Pip)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="sei-que-nao-tem-necessidade-mas-mozilla-firefox-navegador-web"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Sei que não tem necessidade, mas: Mozilla Firefox (Navegador Web)&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Executar o instalador e instalar com passos simples (Avançar, Avançar, Concluir)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="phantomjs-no-windows"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;PhantomJS no Windows&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Descompactar o arquivo e colocar a pasta “phantomjs-1.9.7-windows” dentro de C: (Veja se logo dentro dessa pasta existe um arquivo chamado phantomjs, que é um arquivo executável com o ícone de um Fantasminha) se tem, está certo, se não tem, então você tem que colocar a pasta “phantomjs-1.9.7-windows” que está dentro de “phantomjs-1.9.7-windows” em C: as vezes ao descompactar um arquivo no Windows ele descompacta em uma pasta com o mesmo nome&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Vá em Iniciar e clique com o botão direito sobre o “Computador” e selecione “Propriedades”&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;No menu lateral clique em “Definições avançadas de sistema” e selecione “Variáveis de ambiente”&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Na caixa “Variáveis do sistema” selecione com um duplo clique o item “Path”&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Ao final da linha “Valor da variável” insira “;C:phantomjs-1.9.7-windows” então dê Ok, Ok e Ok novamente&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Abra o CMD (Terminal) e digite &lt;cite&gt;phantomjs&lt;/cite&gt; e dê enter, se entrar no interpretador é porquê deu certo, Ctrl+c pra sair e então feche o terminal&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="selenium-ide-ide-para-facilitar-a-criacao-de-testes-com-o-selenium-no-firefox"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Selenium IDE (IDE para facilitar a criação de testes com o Selenium) no Firefox&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Execute o Mozilla Firefox&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Abra a seguinte URL: &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://release.seleniumhq.org/selenium-ide/2.5.0/selenium-ide-2.5.0.xpi"&gt;http://release.seleniumhq.org/selenium-ide/2.5.0/selenium-ide-2.5.0.xpi&lt;/a&gt; e a instalação já é feita de forma automática&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="biblioteca-selenium-para-o-python"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Biblioteca Selenium para o Python&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Abra o Terminal, digite &amp;quot;&lt;cite&gt;pip install -U selenium&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;quot; e dê enter, a instalação é feita de forma automática&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Levando em conta que o público alvo do artigo são testadores, não estenderei ao uso de ferramentas muito interessantes também para esse fim, porém mais utilizadas por desenvolvedores, como: &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io"&gt;Virtualenv&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://www.fabfile.org"&gt;Fabric&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://sphinx-doc.org"&gt;Sphinx&lt;/a&gt; e etc.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="criando-um-teste-simples-com-a-famosa-selenium-ide-lo"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Criando um teste simples com a famosa Selenium IDE lo/&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Após instalar a Selenium IDE dentro do Firefox e reiniciar o navegador, clique no ícone da ferramenta que está no

canto superior direito do Navegador.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Botão para iniciar a Selenium IDE" src="images/test-ff-sel-btn.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Note que na Selenium IDE, a opção de gravar já vem selecionada por padrão.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Botão de gravar ligado" src="images/test-ff-sel-gravar-ligado.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;E para nossa alegria, a URL do site atual que está em nosso Firefox, já está definida no campo &amp;quot;URL Base&amp;quot; da Selenium IDE.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Cliquei no link &amp;quot;Como apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot; e acessei a seguinte página.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Clicando no link" src="images/test-ff-sel-clicar-no-link.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ao ver o que está acontecendo na Selenium IDE, notamos que ela está gravando tudo o que está acontecendo no navegador.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Visualização inicial" src="images/test-ff-sel-initial-view.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Retorno ao navegador e faço um simples assert para ver se ao entrar na página o título H1 está correto.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Assert no H1" src="images/test-ff-sel-assert-h1.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Veja como é simples ver as propriedades que podem ser usadas para certificar que você realmente está na tela correta e

verificar se os textos estão corretamente aplicados em seus devidos lugares.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Nesse exemplo eu verifico se o título H1 da página contém &amp;quot;Como Apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot;, para isso foi necessário:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ol class="arabic simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Selecionar o texto na página&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Clicar com o botão direito do mouse sobre a seleção&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Selecionar &amp;quot;Exibir todos os comandos disponíveis&amp;quot;, note que ele já me dar como opção na primeira tela do menu suspenso esse item que selecionei na segunda, mas preferi correr até lá apenas para ilustrar as outras opções disponíveis que existem na segunda tela do menu suspenso&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Clicar em &amp;quot;assertText css=h1 Como Apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Agora veja o que a Selenium IDE gravou:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Vendo o resultado do assert no H1" src="images/test-ff-sel-assert-h1-view.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Como era de se esperar, apenas o que você fez no navegador ;)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;em&gt;Note que se você já for um usuário experiente da Selenium IDE, souber usar os seletores e conhecer bem o código HTML

da página, você poderá escrever todo o seu código na própria Selenium IDE e depois executar.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para executar o teste criado, basta clicar no botão &amp;quot;Play entire test suite&amp;quot; como na imagem abaixo:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Botão para executar os testes" src="images/test-ff-sel-play-test.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Note que o teste foi executado com sucesso, pois está tudo verdinho :) . Logo abaixo existem algumas mensagens

na sequência que foram executadas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="salvando-exportando-e-executando-os-testes"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Salvando/Exportando e executando os testes&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="selenium-ide"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Selenium IDE&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ao concluir seu teste você tem a opção de salvar e então executar futuramente para verificar

se o sistema continua funcionando como deveria.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para salvar é muito simples, se estiver no Windows ou Linux, basta dar um Ctrl+S e no Mac Command+S, escolher

uma pasta e clicar em Salvar.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Salvando teste" src="images/test-ff-sel-save.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sinceramente, se você sempre quiser executar seus testes usando o Mozilla Firefox eu aconselho usar a própria

Selenium IDE para esse propósito, pois com ela você salva seus testes em HTML e os executa tranquilamente com

opção de rodar todo um Test Case de uma vez. Observe que após salvar o teste ele fica disponível na coluna

&amp;quot;Test Case&amp;quot; da Selenium IDE e você pode ir adicionando os demais testes a essa coluna para que sejam todos executados.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="exportando-para-uma-linguagem-de-programacao"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Exportando para uma linguagem de programação&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Na Selenium IDE existe a opção de exportar seu teste para várias linguagens de programação como: Ruby, Python,

Java e C#.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Exportar seu teste para uma linguagem de programação pode ser bem útil para o caso de integrar seu teste

ao código de teste desenvolvido pelos programadores já que os testes exportados pela Selenium IDE são

codificados utilizando a lib unittest, ou seja, na forma de testes unitários.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A imagem abaixo mostra como exportar o teste para uma das linguagens disponíveis:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Exportando o teste" src="images/test-ff-sel-export-lang.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No caso, Python 2 / unittest / Webdriver, mas o teste poderia ser exportado para qualquer outra linguagem disponível.

Clique nesse item e salve na pasta que desejar com um nome sucinto e seguido da extensão .py (por exemplo: test_como_apoiar.py)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Veja abaixo o código gerado pela exportação do teste para Python (48 linhas):&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium.webdriver.common.by&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;By&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium.webdriver.common.keys&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Keys&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium.webdriver.support.ui&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Select&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium.common.exceptions&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;NoSuchElementException&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;unittest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;time&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;re&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;TestComoApoiar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;unittest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;TestCase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;setUp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;implicitly_wait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;base_url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;http://www.ific.com.br/&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrors&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="p"&gt;[]&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;accept_next_alert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;test_como_apoiar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;base_url&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_link_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Como apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;click&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;assertEqual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Como Apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_css_selector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;h1&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;is_element_present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;how&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;what&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;how&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;value&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;what&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;except&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;NoSuchElementException&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;False&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;is_alert_present&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;switch_to_alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;except&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;NoAlertPresentException&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;False&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;close_alert_and_get_its_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;switch_to_alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;alert_text&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;accept_next_alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;accept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dismiss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;alert_text&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;finally&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;accept_next_alert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;tearDown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;quit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;assertEqual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;([],&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;__main__&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;unittest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;main&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Veja o mesmo código gerado pela exportação do teste para Java (73 linhas):&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;package&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;example&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;tests&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;java.util.regex.Pattern&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;org.junit.*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;junit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;Assert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.*;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;static&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;hamcrest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;CoreMatchers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.*;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;org.openqa.selenium.*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kd"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;TestComoApoiar&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;WebDriver&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;baseUrl&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;boolean&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;acceptNextAlert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StringBuffer&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrors&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;StringBuffer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nd"&gt;@Before&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;setUp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kd"&gt;throws&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Exception&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;new&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;FirefoxDriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;baseUrl&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;http://www.ific.com.br/&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;manage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;timeouts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;implicitlyWait&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TimeUnit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;SECONDS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nd"&gt;@Test&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;testComoApoiar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kd"&gt;throws&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Exception&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;baseUrl&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;findElement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;By&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;linkText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Como apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;click&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;assertEquals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Como Apoiar o IFIC&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;findElement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;By&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;cssSelector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;h1&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;getText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;());&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nd"&gt;@After&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;public&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;void&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;tearDown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kd"&gt;throws&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Exception&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;quit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrorString&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;toString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;(!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;equals&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrorString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;))&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;fail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;verificationErrorString&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;boolean&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;isElementPresent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;By&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;findElement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;);&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NoSuchElementException&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kt"&gt;boolean&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;isAlertPresent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;switchTo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;catch&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;NoAlertPresentException&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;false&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kd"&gt;private&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;closeAlertAndGetItsText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;Alert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;switchTo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;().&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;String&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;alertText&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;getText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;acceptNextAlert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;accept&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;else&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;alert&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;dismiss&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;();&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;alertText&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;finally&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;{&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;acceptNextAlert&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kc"&gt;true&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;}&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Tendo a versão do teste escrita em Python posso simplesmente dar um clique duplo sobre o ícone do arquivo

test_como_apoiar.py que instantaneamente é aberto o navegador (Mozilla Firefox) e executado todo teste

ao vivo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Mas como já disse, se for para rodar o teste no Firefox, é melhor executar pela própria Selenium IDE.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;É por isso que agora vamos saber porquê instalamos o PhantomJS.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Com o PhantomJS temos a possibilidade de executar o browser em &amp;quot;Background&amp;quot;, podemos chamar de modo &amp;quot;Headless&amp;quot;,

isso faz com que possamos executar toda a nossa suíte de testes sem precisar ligar o Mozilla Firefox e todo o

peso de sua interface gráfica, para isso vamos alterar a primeira linha do método setUp() e trocar o webdriver Firefox para PhantomJS:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;TestComoApoiar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;unittest&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;TestCase&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;setUp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;driver&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;PhantomJS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Então vamos abrir o terminal, console ou cmd, como queira chamar, e navegar até a pasta onde foi salvo o arquivo test_como_apoiar.py e executar o teste com o seguinte comando:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;python test_como_apoiar.py

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O arquivo é executado como na imagem abaixo:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;img alt="Teste executado com um webdriver headless" src="images/test-ff-change-webdriver.png" /&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Bem amigos, a leitura foi uma breve descrição sobre os seguintes tópicos:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ul class="simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Porquê usar Python para guardar seus testes funcionais&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Como montar o ambiente no Windows&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Como criar um teste simples na Selenium IDE&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Como salvar/exportar e executar com um browser Headless os testes que foram criados com a IDE&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para mais detalhes sobre o uso da biblioteca Selenium do Python acompanhe a série de artigos iniciados pelo &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://pythonclub.com.br/author/lucas-magnum.html"&gt;Lucas Magnum&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Qualquer dúvida pode entrar em contato:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ul class="simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Email &lt;a class="reference external" href="mailto:macndesign&amp;#64;gmail.com"&gt;macndesign&amp;#64;gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Twitter &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://twitter.com/macndesign"&gt;&amp;#64;macndesign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Facebook &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://www.facebook.com/macndesign"&gt;facebook.com/macndesign&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Google + &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://plus.google.com/+M%C3%A1rioChaves81"&gt;plus.google.com/+MárioChaves81&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Grande abraço!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

</summary><category term="selenium"></category><category term="python"></category><category term="selenium-serie"></category><category term="testes-funcionais"></category><category term="testes"></category></entry><entry><title>Selenium - O que você deveria saber - Parte 1</title><link href="http://pythonclub.com.br/selenium-parte-1.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2014-05-08T12:09:00-03:00</updated><author><name>Lucas Magnum</name></author><id>tag:pythonclub.com.br,2014-05-08:selenium-parte-1.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Esse é o primeiro post da série sobre o Selenium, pretendo cobrir desde o básico até algumas coisas mais legais :)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="introducao"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Introdução&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class="reference external" href="http://docs.seleniumhq.org/"&gt;Selenium&lt;/a&gt; é um ótimo framework para realizar diversos tipos de tarefas com o browser.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Nesta série, vou tentar compartilhar com vocês o que acredito ser necessário para o bom uso da ferramenta.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Veja como está organizada a série:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="parte-i"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Parte I&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ul class="simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="reference internal" href="#instalacao"&gt;Instalação&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="reference internal" href="#abrindo-uma-pagina"&gt;Abrindo uma página&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a class="reference internal" href="#manipulando-elementos"&gt;Manipulando elementos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="parte-2"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Parte 2&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ul class="simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Brincando formulários&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Trabalhando com múltiplas janelas&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Trabalhando com frames&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;E se eu quiser esperar?!&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="parte-3"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Parte 3&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ul class="simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Executando código javascript&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Como utilizar diferentes navegadores&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="parte-4"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Parte 4&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;ul class="simple"&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Expected conditions&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;ActionsChains - Operações avançadas com o mouse&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;EventListener - Ouvindo seu código&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="instalacao"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Instalação&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para instalar o Selenium não existe nenhum segredo, basta executar:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install selenium

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="abrindo-uma-pagina"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Abrindo uma página&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;http://google.com.br&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Vamos entender o que está acontecendo aqui.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Primeiro eu importo o &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;webdriver&lt;/tt&gt; que é o módulo que provê implementações para diferentes browsers.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Nesse caso utilizaremos o &amp;quot;Mozila Firefox&amp;quot;, pois não precisa de nenhuma configuração adicional, basta que ele esteja instalado.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Então criamos uma instância chamada &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;firefox&lt;/tt&gt; e depois invocamos o metódo &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;get&lt;/tt&gt; passando como parâmetro a URL da página que desejamos abrir.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;http://google.com.br/&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Outros exemplos:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Abrir o site da Python Brasil&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;http://python.org.br/&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Abrir o site da Python MG&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;http://pythonmg.com.br/&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="manipulando-elementos"&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Manipulando elementos&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sempre existe a necessidade de manipularmos algum elemento da página,

para isso você precisa saber como encontrá-lo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conhecimento em HTML é necessário para facilitar a manipulação da página&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se precisarmos encontrar um elemento pelo id, invocamos o metódo &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;find_element_by_id&lt;/tt&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Se o elemento não for encontrado uma exception é gerada&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;id&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Se precisarmos encontrar todos os elementos que possuem uma classe específica, invocamos o metódo &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;find_elements_by_class_name&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Retornam vários elementos ou uma lista vazia&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_elements_by_class_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;class_name&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Existem diversos metódos disponíveis, abaixo estão os que mais utilizo:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Encontrar elemento pelo ID&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;id&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Encontrar elemento pelo atributo name&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;name&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Encontrar elemento pelo texto do link&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_link_text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;text&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Encontrar elemento pelo seu seletor css&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_css_selector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;css_selector&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Encontrar elementos pelo nome da tag&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_elements_by_tag_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;tag_name&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Encontrar elementos pela classe&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_elements_by_class_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;&amp;lt;class_name&amp;gt;&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para visualizar todos os metódos, veja a &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://selenium-python.readthedocs.org/locating-elements.html#locating-elements"&gt;documentação&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="exemplo-para-estudo"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Exemplo para estudo&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Let's code&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;!-- --&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Premissas&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No &lt;a class="reference external" href="http://pythonclub.com.br/"&gt;Python Club&lt;/a&gt; os &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;posts&lt;/tt&gt; estão localizados dentro de uma &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;div&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;div&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;posts&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;section&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;post&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;[...]&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/section&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;section&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;post&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;[...]&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/section&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;section&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;post&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;[...]&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/section&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;E cada &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;post&lt;/tt&gt; está dentro de uma &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;section&lt;/tt&gt; que possue a &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;&lt;span class="pre"&gt;class=&amp;quot;post&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; .&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;section&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;post&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;header&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;post-header&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

[...]

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;h3&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;class=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;post-title&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="na"&gt;href=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;post_url&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="na"&gt;_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/h3&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

[...]

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/header&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nt"&gt;&amp;lt;/section&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objetivo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Queremos que seja mostrado o título de cada &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;post&lt;/tt&gt; e seu &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;link&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Execute o código abaixo e veja o resultado.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;selenium&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Criar instância do navegador&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;webdriver&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;Firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Abrir a página do Python Club&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;http://pythonclub.com.br/&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Seleciono todos os elementos que possuem a class post&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;posts&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_elements_by_class_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;post&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Para cada post printar as informações&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;posts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# O elemento `a` com a class `post-title`&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# contém todas as informações que queremos mostrar&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;post_title&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;post&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;find_element_by_class_name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;post-title&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# `get_attribute` serve para extrair qualquer atributo do elemento&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;post_link&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;post_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get_attribute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;href&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# printar informações&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;u&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="s"&gt; Títutlo: {titulo}, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="s"&gt; Link: {link} &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="se"&gt;\n&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="s"&gt; &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;format&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;titulo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;post_title&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;text&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;post_link&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Fechar navegador&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;firefox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;quit&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Código-fonte do exemplo: &lt;a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/LucasMagnum/selenium-serie/blob/master/pythonclub.py"&gt;pythonclub.py&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="section" id="desafios"&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Desafios&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Desafio 1&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Modificar o exemplo para mostrar o nome do autor do &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;post&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Desafio 2&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Modificar o exemplo 01 para salvar os dados(titulo, link, autor) em um arquivo &lt;tt class="docutils literal"&gt;json&lt;/tt&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Por hoje é só!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Qualquer dúvida pode enviar um e-mail &lt;a class="reference external" href="mailto:contato&amp;#64;lucasmagnum.com.br"&gt;contato&amp;#64;lucasmagnum.com.br&lt;/a&gt; ficarei feliz em ajudar =)&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

</summary><category term="selenium"></category><category term="python"></category><category term="selenium-serie"></category></entry><entry><title>Sobre o six e como ele ajuda a escrever código compatível com python 2 e 3</title><link href="http://pythonclub.com.br/sobre-o-six-e-como-ele-ajuda-a-escrever-codigo-compativel-com-python-2-e-3.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2014-05-04T22:21:00-03:00</updated><author><name>Artur Felipe de Sousa</name></author><id>tag:pythonclub.com.br,2014-05-04:sobre-o-six-e-como-ele-ajuda-a-escrever-codigo-compativel-com-python-2-e-3.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;h3&gt;Python 2.x ou python 3.x?&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Quem de nós já não se deparou com a seguinte dúvida: Qual versão do

python devo usar para começar meu projeto?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Há 6 anos, em dezembro de 2008 foi lançada a versão 3.0 do python. Uma versão

polêmica, a primeira incopatível com suas anteriores (2.x). A intenção era de

corrigir antigas "chatices" que vinham incomodando o Guido van Rossum e a

comunidade, e remover coisas desnecessárias. Alguns exemplos mais comuns:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Todas as strings são unicode &lt;strong&gt;str()&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;O comando print virou a built-in &lt;strong&gt;print()&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Iterators ao invés de listas: &lt;strong&gt;map(), filter(), zip()&lt;/strong&gt; e &lt;strong&gt;range()&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Tipo long passou a ser somente int&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Todas as classes são new-style&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para mais detalhes &lt;a href="https://docs

.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html"&gt;https://docs.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O python 3 já está na versão 3.4 e vem sendo cada vez mais suportado por

bibliotecas e frameworks mais populares tais como:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Django (1.5+)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Pyramid (1.3a1+)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Flask&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;SqlAlchemy&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Todas essas ferramentas tiveram a mesma preocupação que deve estar passando

pela sua cabeça agora: Como migrar ou criar código compatível o máximo possível

entre essas versões?&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;É aí que entra a biblioteca six.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h3&gt;Six?&lt;/h3&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O six é uma biblioteca de compatibilidade entre o python 2 e 3. O nome "six"

surgiu da grande sacada do Benjamin Petersons, 2 * 3 == 6, muita imaginação

não? Todo o código do six está contido em apenas um arquivo python

&lt;a href="https://bitbucket.org/gutworth/six/src/a497bee85dd833681574672b5a2ec29

6e33c525c/six.py?at=default" title="Repositório do six"&gt;six.py&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Para instalar o six, basta usar o pip:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;pip&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;install&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Vamos começar com um exemplo de código que funciona somente na versão 2.7.5:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;isinstance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;u&amp;#39;Python 2 compatible&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;unicode&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;is unicode&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O primeiro erro observado é o comando print que gera um erro de sintaxe, o

seguinte é o identificador unicode que não existe mais no python 3 (passou a

ser str somente).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Uma versão deste código que funciona no python 3.4.0 seria:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;isinstance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;u&amp;#39;Python 3 compatible&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;is unicode&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Utilizando o six para compatibilizar o código, teríamos:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;isinstance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;u&amp;#39;Python 2 and 3 compatible&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;string_types&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;print_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;is unicode&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No exemplo acima foi utilizada a constante &lt;strong&gt;six.string_types&lt;/strong&gt;. Essas

constantes são normalmente utilizadas como segundo argumento da função

&lt;strong&gt;isinstance()&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;a href="https://pythonhosted.org/six/#constants"&gt;Veja mais delas&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No python 3 alguns atributos e metódos foram substituídos ou removidos de

alguns tipos de estrutura de dados. Os métodos &lt;strong&gt;iterkeys(), itervalues(),

iteritems()&lt;/strong&gt; e &lt;strong&gt;iterlists()&lt;/strong&gt;, por exemplo, foram renomeados dos dicionários

por &lt;strong&gt;keys(), values(), items()&lt;/strong&gt; e &lt;strong&gt;lists()&lt;/strong&gt; respectivamente.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Python 2.7.5&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;Artur Sousa&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;itervalues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dictionary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;valueiterator&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;object&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mh"&gt;0x10738e680&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;values&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="p"&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;Artur Sousa&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Python 3.4.0&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;Artur Sousa&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;values&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;dict_values&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;([&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;Artur Sousa&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Versões compatíveis destes métodos podem ser encontradas no six:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# Python 2.x 3.x&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;dict&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;Artur Sousa&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;age&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;itervalues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;my_info&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dictionary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;valueiterator&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;object&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mh"&gt;0x10738e680&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;iterkeys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;dict_keyiterator&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nb"&gt;object&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;at&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mh"&gt;0x10b2f4638&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://pythonhosted.org/six/#object-model-compatibility"&gt;Dentre outras...&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No python 3 algumas libs foram reorganizadas da biblioteca padrão. O

&lt;strong&gt;HTMLParser&lt;/strong&gt; por exemplo virou &lt;strong&gt;html.parser&lt;/strong&gt;. Para isso o six oferece o

módulo moves.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;six.moves&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;html_parser&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;# 2.x: HTMLParser 3.x: html.parser&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;six.moves&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cPickle&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="c"&gt;# 2.x: cPickle 3.x: pickle&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Uma tabela de compatibilidade de métodos e atributos pode ser vista

&lt;a href="https://pythonhosted.org/six/#module-six.moves"&gt;aqui&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Esta foi apenas uma parte das funcionalidades que o six oferece para garantir

o funcionamento de códigos escritos nas versões 2 e 3 do python.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;O Django utiliza o six a partir da versão 1.5. Veja um exemplo de uso:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# django.contrib.admin.helpers.py - Django 1.7b3&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;class&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nc"&gt;AdminErrorList&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;forms&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;utils&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;ErrorList&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="sd"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="sd"&gt; Stores all errors for the form/formsets in an add/change stage view.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="sd"&gt; &amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;__init__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;form&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;inline_formsets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;):&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nb"&gt;super&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;AdminErrorList&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;__init__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;form&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;is_bound&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;extend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;itervalues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;form&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;errors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)))&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;inline_formset&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;inline_formsets&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;extend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;inline_formset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;non_form_errors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;())&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;errors_in_inline_form&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ow"&gt;in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;inline_formset&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;errors&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="bp"&gt;self&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;extend&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="nb"&gt;list&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;six&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;itervalues&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;errors_in_inline_form&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)))&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Então galera, esse foi um artigo introdutório sobre o six, mostrando alguns

casos de uso e um pouco das diferenças entre o python 2 e 3. Espero que vocês

tenham gostado. Fiquem à vontade para enviar dúvidas, sugestões ou críticas.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Até mais...&lt;/p&gt;</summary><category term="python"></category><category term="six"></category><category term="compatibility"></category><category term="python3"></category></entry></feed>