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<h3>Python Operators</h3>
<p>Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<p>Python divides the operators in the following groups:</p>
<ul>
<li>Arithmetic operators</li>
<li>Assignment operators</li>
<li>Comparision operators</li>
<li>Logical operators</li>
<li>Identity operators</li>
<li>Membership operators</li>
<li>Bitwise operators</li>
</ul>
<h3>Arithmetic operators</h3>
<p>Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical operations:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>+</td>
<td>Add two operands or unary plus</td>
<td>x + y+ 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-</td>
<td>Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus</td>
<td>x - y- 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td>Multiply two operands</td>
<td>x * y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/</td>
<td>Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float)</td>
<td>x / y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>%</td>
<td>Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the right</td>
<td>x % y (remainder of x/y)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>//</td>
<td>Floor division - division that results into whole number adjusted to the left in the number line</td>
<td>x // y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>**</td>
<td>Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right</td>
<td>x**y (x to the power y)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Example:</h3>
<pre>
<code>x = 15
y = 4
# Output: x + y = 19
print('x + y =',x+y)
# Output: x - y = 11
print('x - y =',x-y)
# Output: x * y = 60
print('x * y =',x*y)
# Output: x / y = 3.75
print('x / y =',x/y)
# Output: x // y = 3
print('x // y =',x//y)
# Output: x ** y = 50625
print('x ** y =',x**y)</code></pre>
<p><strong>Output</strong></p>
<pre>
<samp>x + y = 19
x - y = 11
x * y = 60
x / y = 3.75
x // y = 3
x ** y = 50625</samp></pre>
<hr />
<h3>Comparison operators</h3>
<p>Comparison operators are used to compare two values:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>></td>
<td>Greater than - True if left operand is greater than the right</td>
<td>x > y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><</td>
<td>Less than - True if left operand is less than the right</td>
<td>x < y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>==</td>
<td>Equal to - True if both operands are equal</td>
<td>x == y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>!=</td>
<td>Not equal to - True if operands are not equal</td>
<td>x != y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>>=</td>
<td>Greater than or equal to - True if left operand is greater than or equal to the right</td>
<td>x >= y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><=</td>
<td>Less than or equal to - True if left operand is less than or equal to the right</td>
<td>x <= y</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre>
<code>x = 10
y = 12
# Output: x > y is False
print('x > y is',x>y)
# Output: x < y is True
print('x < y is',x<y)
# Output: x == y is False
print('x == y is',x==y)
# Output: x != y is True
print('x != y is',x!=y)
# Output: x >= y is False
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
# Output: x <= y is True
print('x <= y is',x<=y)</code></pre>
<p><strong>Output</strong></p>
<pre>
<samp>x > y is False
x < y is True
x == y is False
x != y is True
x >= y is False
x <= y is True</samp></pre>
<hr />
<h3>Logical operators</h3>
<p>Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>and</td>
<td>True if both the operands are true</td>
<td>x and y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>or</td>
<td>True if either of the operands is true</td>
<td>x or y</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>not</td>
<td>True if operand is false (complements the operand)</td>
<td>not x</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Example:</h3>
<pre>
<code>x = True
y = False
print('x and y is',x and y)
print('x or y is',x or y)
print('not x is',not x)</code></pre>
<p><strong>Output</strong></p>
<pre>
<samp>x and y is False
x or y is True
not x is False</samp></pre>
<hr />
<h3>Bitwise operators</h3>
<p>Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were strings of binary digits. They operate bit by bit, hence the name.</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&</td>
<td>Bitwise AND</td>
<td>x & y = 0 (<code>0000 0000</code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>|</td>
<td>Bitwise OR</td>
<td>x | y = 14 (<code>0000 1110</code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>~</td>
<td>Bitwise NOT</td>
<td>~x = -11 (<code>1111 0101</code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>^</td>
<td>Bitwise XOR</td>
<td>x ^ y = 14 (<code>0000 1110</code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>>></td>
<td>Bitwise right shift</td>
<td>x >> 2 = 2 (<code>0000 0010</code>)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><<</td>
<td>Bitwise left shift</td>
<td>x << 2 = 40 (<code>0010 1000</code>)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h3>Assignment operators</h3>
<p>Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:</p>
<p><code>c = 27</code> is a simple assignment operator that assigns the value 27 on the right to the variable <var>c</var> on the left.</p>
<p>There are various compound operators in Python like <code>c += 27</code> that adds to the variable and later assigns the same. It is equivalent to <code>c = c + 27</code>.</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Equivalent to</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>=</td>
<td>c = 27</td>
<td>c = 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>+=</td>
<td>c += 27</td>
<td>c = c + 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>-=</td>
<td>c -= 27</td>
<td>c = c - 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*=</td>
<td>c *= 27</td>
<td>c = c * 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/=</td>
<td>c /= 27</td>
<td>c = c / 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>%=</td>
<td>c %= 27</td>
<td>c = c % 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>//=</td>
<td>c //= 27</td>
<td>c = c // 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>**=</td>
<td>c **= 27</td>
<td>c = c ** 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&=</td>
<td>c &= 27</td>
<td>c = c & 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>|=</td>
<td>c |= 27</td>
<td>c = c | 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>^=</td>
<td>c ^= 27</td>
<td>c = c ^ 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>>>=</td>
<td>c >>= 27</td>
<td>c = c >> 27</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><<=</td>
<td>c <<= 27</td>
<td>c = c << 27</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr />
<h3>Special operators</h3>
<p>Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator or the membership operator. They are described below with examples.</p>
<h3 >Identity operators</h3>
<p>Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location:
</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>is</td>
<td>True if the operands are identical (refer to the same object)</td>
<td>x is True</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>is not</td>
<td>True if the operands are not identical (do not refer to the same object)</td>
<td>x is not True</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Example:</h3>
<pre>
<code>x1 = 5
y1 = 5
x2 = 'CODEMISTIC'
y2 = 'CODEMISTIC'
x3 = [1,2,3]
y3 = [1,2,3]
# Output: False
print(x1 is not y1)
# Output: True
print(x2 is y2)
# Output: False
print(x3 is y3)</code></pre>
<p><strong>Output</strong></p>
<pre>
<samp>False
True
False</samp></pre>
<hr />
<h3>Membership operators</h3>
<p><code>in</code> and <code>not in</code> are the membership operators in Python. They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence string, list, tuple, set and dictionary.</p>
<p>In a dictionary we can only test for presence of key, not the value.</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Operator</th>
<th>Meaning</th>
<th>Example</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>in</td>
<td>True if value/variable is found in the sequence</td>
<td>5 in x</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>not in</td>
<td>True if value/variable is not found in the sequence</td>
<td>5 not in x</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>Example:</h3>
<pre>
<code>x = 'Hello world'
y = {1:'a',2:'b'}
# Output: True
print('H' in x)
# Output: True
print('hello' not in x)
# Output: True
print(1 in y)
# Output: False
print('a' in y)</code></pre>
<p><strong>Output</strong></p>
<pre>
<samp>True
True
True
False</samp></pre>
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